P²IRC's Work in Computational Informatics of Crop Phenotype Data Featured on Radio Canada

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Improved agriculture thanks to artificial intelligence

Published Wednesday February 14, 2018 Report by Miriane Demers-Lemay

Artificial intelligence will soon be useful  to agriculture. A team of researchers at  the University of Saskatchewan is  developing tools using this technology, which in the long term will facilitate the selection of the best seeds to grow.

Growing crops that have a higher yield and require fewer resources or that are resistant to drought, heat and cold, that’s what people have been doing for thousands of years, by crossing the best plants. A team of about fifty researchers at the University of Saskatchewan is now attempting to speed up this process thanks to artificial intelligence.

Photos and Genes

Computer sciences professor, Ian Stavness, observes photographs of flowering canola plants on his computer. The number of flowers impacts the number of seeds, and consequently, the quantity of canola oil produced.

Ian Stavness observes photos taken of rows of growing crops. Photo: Radio-Canada/Albert Couillard

However, counting the number of flowers for millions of plants is a painstaking exercise, which can be eased through an innovative technique of artificial intelligence, called deep learning. This technique will allow a quick targeting of the plants that present the highest numbers of flowers to be used for crossing purposes.

What is deep learning?

It’s a technique that relies on a network of artificial neurons that allow a program to learn to recognize an object or a specific pattern within a set of data. For example, we can “train” the program by submitting thousands of images of canola flowers. Each time, we indicate to the computer how many canola flowers there are. Once “trained”, the program will be able to “calculate” the number of canola flowers on new images.

“If low temperatures and droughts are expected due to the weather phenomenon La Niña, the experts will need to be able to quickly cross the plants that will be able to tolerate these conditions,” explains computer sciences professor, Tony Kusalik.

“This objective will be achievable by crossing the plants that present the right genes. But how can they be identified? Most of the morphological traits are coded by multiple genes that act together and are difficult to determine,” he clarifies.That is why, in another area of the University, his team is studying a different aspect of the issue: the genes.

Computer sciences professor, Tony Kusalik, (on right), looks at the results of his 2nd cycle students, Yan Yan (on left) and Jinhong Shi (on bottom right). Photo: Radio-Canada/Miriane Demers-Lemay

“We try to provide a bridge between the genes and the morphological characteristics of the plant,” explains computer sciences doctorate candidate, Logan Kopass. His colleague, post-doctorate candidate, Yan Yan, works with genetics data banks. In her computer, each small yellow dot indicates the presence of a gene. The blue dots indicate the presence of mutations on certain genes. These blue dots are potential prospects to explain the presence of a given character, such as the fact that a plant will flower sooner than another.

Post-doctorate candidate Yan Yan works with genetics data banks. The yellow dots indicate the positioning of a gene, while the blue dots indicate the presence of mutations on these genes. Photo: Radio- Canada/Albert Couillard

“How do we know that this mutation will have an impact on the flowering period?” she asks. “We can use this type of technology in order to find out.” This technology has indeed the capacity to analyze vast data banks, such as millions of A, G, T and C letters, which correspond to the nucleotides of DNA strands.

Sizeable Challenges

However, the work of these computer  scientists is not without its challenges. “Artificial intelligence has been used successfully in many applications, but it has yet to be used to solve this type of problem,“ explains M. Kusalik. “That’s what we’re trying to do.”

To locate information within these data banks, the technology of deep learning must analyze millions of cases. Therefore, the machine generally needs to analyze millions of photos of wheat to learn to identify wheat. However, there is a lack of data available. Establishing the genetic profile of a plant is very expensive. Photos are also costly, as more of them are needed than genotypes, and they require a tremendous amount of work since they are taken by drones, or by individuals holding a camera at the end of a stick or else using fixed cameras located in the fields.

The photos analyzed by the computer scientists lead by Ian Stavness, are taken by drones or individuals holding cameras at the end of a stick. Here is a fixed camera in a field that records images of growing plants during the summer. Photo: provided by Ian Stavness

The researchers are attempting to improve the performance of artificial intelligence tools to improve crossing efficiency. But they are not working alone. “It’s a multi-disciplinary project in which crop experts, engineers, computer scientists, synchrotron personnel and public policy experts collaborate,” says with enthusiasm, University of Saskatchewan computer sciences professor, Tony Kusalik.

The researchers hope that this project will be particularly useful to adapt crops to extreme events expected due to changes in weather patterns.

“The information will also be useful for other studies in biology,” he concludes.

English translation of Video (Radio-Canada)

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Program Host Artificial intelligence at the service of agriculture; some fifty researchers at the University of Saskatchewan are developing computer tools to allow the selection of the best seeds to grow. Miriane Demers-Lemay met some of these researchers.

Reporter – Miriane Demers-Lemay Growing crops that have higher yields and require fewer resources and that are more resistant to drought, heat and cold; that’s what people have been doing for thousands of years by crossing the best plants. With the constant improvements in technology, a team of fifty researchers at the University of Saskatchewan is now attempting to speed up the process through artificial intelligence.

Artificial intelligence or machine learning, allow us to obtain precise and rigorous data, explains computer scientist Ian Stavness. In his computer there are hundreds of wheat plants images; some plants have few grains while others present many. On each of these photos, the computer scientist indicates to the computer the number of grains present. He trains the computer to recognize the number of kernels of grain on a wheat stalk. After hundreds of similar exercises, the computer can calculate itself the number of kernels of wheat on new photos. This artificial intelligence technique will then allow the computer to identify the plants that present the characteristics desired for crossings, such as for example those that produce more cereals.

A second team of computer scientists at the University is focused on another aspect of the issue: finding the genes that determine the desired characteristics. Post-doctoral expert Yan Yan explains that for exemple it is possible to use technology to identify the genetic mutations that will affect flowering period. The identification of these genes and their mutations will eventually allow a more accurate identification of the best plants; which will lead to a better adaptation of crops to climates, according to computer scientist Tony Kusalik. He explains that if drought and cold temperatures are expected due to the La Niña phenomenon, it will be possible to grow plants that present the genes that allow them to withstand these conditions.

According to these researchers, artificial intelligence will be even more useful in the future to adapt agriculture to the effects of climate change. Here Miriane Demers-Lemay, Radio Canada, Regina